=================================================================================================== http://www.geek-girl.com/unix.html =================================================================================================== tab for commandline completion middle mouse to copy selection to cursor ctrl-d : delete ctrl-a : to bol ctrl-e : to eol ctrl-p : prev, up arrow also ctrl-n : next, up arrow also ctrl-h : backspace rlogin polaris dolphinus newton nebula dum unix2dos foo.in foo.out dos2unix foo.in foo.out gunzip foo.gz tar -tvf foo.tar :tar up tar -xvf foo.tar :untar dtfile dtpad emacs cmd& :means run as seperate process /usr/openwin/bin/xterm admintool :solaris 2.7 user administrator gui df -k : shows disk partion utilization ??? netscape framemaker find . -name "abc*" lp filename : to print to 371 setenv : show all env vars setenv VAR val echo $PATH : to see a specific env var ls ?* : see one level of subdirs alias alias_name = string =================================================================================================== MY ALIASES alias dir 'ls -al' alias d 'ls -a' alias nebula 'rlogin nebula.astro.ufl.edu' alias newton 'rlogin newton.astro.ufl.edu' alias path 'echo $PATH' alias e 'cat' alias l 'source .login' =================================================================================================== mail d : delete enter : next h : headers 3 : third message =================================================================================================== From http://www.math.utah.edu/lab/unix/unix-commands.html Unix Command Summary See the Unix tutorial for a leisurely, self-paced introduction on how to use the commands listed below. For more documentation on a command, consult a good book, or use the man pages. For example, for more information on grep, use the command man grep. Contents cat --- for creating and displaying short files chmod --- change permissions cd --- change directory cp --- for copying files date --- display date echo --- echo argument ftp --- connect to a remote machine to download or upload files grep --- search file head --- display first part of file ls --- see what files you have lpr --- standard print command (see also print ) more --- use to read files mkdir --- create directory mv --- for moving and renaming files ncftp --- especially good for downloading files via anonymous ftp. print --- custom print command (see also lpr ) pwd --- find out what directory you are in rm --- remove a file rmdir --- remove directory rsh --- remote shell setenv --- set an environment variable sort --- sort file tail --- display last part of file tar --- create an archive, add or extract files telnet --- log in to another machine wc --- count characters, words, lines cat This is one of the most flexible Unix commands. We can use to create, view and concatenate files. For our first example we create a three-item English-Spanish dictionary in a file called "dict." % cat >dict red rojo green verde blue azul % stands for "hold the control key down, then tap 'd'". The symbol > tells the computer that what is typed is to be put into the file dict. To view a file we use cat in a different way: % cat dict red rojo green verde blue azul % If we wish to add text to an existing file we do this: % cat >>dict white blanco black negro % Now suppose that we have another file tmp that looks like this: % cat tmp cat gato dog perro % Then we can join dict and tmp like this: % cat dict tmp >dict2 We could check the number of lines in the new file like this: % wc -l dict2 8 The command wc counts things --- the number of characters, words, and line in a file. chmod This command is used to change the permissions of a file or directory. For example to make a file essay.001 readable by everyone, we do this: % chmod a+r essay.001 To make a file, e.g., a shell script mycommand executable, we do this % chmod +x mycommand Now we can run mycommand as a command. To check the permissions of a file, use ls -l . For more information on chmod, use man chmod. cd Use cd to change directory. Use pwd to see what directory you are in. % cd english % pwd % /u/ma/jeremy/english % ls novel poems % cd novel % pwd % /u/ma/jeremy/english/novel % ls ch1 ch2 ch3 journal scrapbook % cd .. % pwd % /u/ma/jeremy/english % cd poems % cd % /u/ma/jeremy Jeremy began in his home directory, then went to his english subdirectory. He listed this directory using ls , found that it contained two entries, both of which happen to be diretories. He cd'd to the diretory novel, and found that he had gotten only as far as chapter 3 in his writing. Then he used cd .. to jump back one level. If had wanted to jump back one level, then go to poems he could have said cd ../poems. Finally he used cd with no argument to jump back to his home directory. cp Use cp to copy files or directories. % cp foo foo.2 This makes a copy of the file foo. % cp ~/poems/jabber . This copies the file jabber in the directory poems to the current directory. The symbol "." stands for the current directory. The symbol "~" stands for the home directory. date Use this command to check the date and time. % date Fri Jan 6 08:52:42 MST 1995 echo The echo command echoes its arguments. Here are some examples: % echo this this % echo $EDITOR /usr/local/bin/emacs % echo $PRINTER b129lab1 Things like PRINTER are so-called environment variables. This one stores the name of the default printer --- the one that print jobs will go to unless you take some action to change things. The dollar sign before an environment variable is needed to get the value in the variable. Try the following to verify this: % echo PRINTER PRINTER ftp Use ftp to connect to a remote machine, then upload or download files. See also: ncftp Example 1: We'll connect to the machine fubar.net, then change director to mystuff, then download the file homework11: % ftp solitude Connected to fubar.net. 220 fubar.net FTP server (Version wu-2.4(11) Mon Apr 18 17:26:33 MDT 1994) ready. Name (solitude:carlson): jeremy 331 Password required for jeremy. Password: 230 User jeremy logged in. ftp> cd mystuff 250 CWD command successful. ftp> get homework11 ftp> quit Example 2: We'll connect to the machine fubar.net, then change director to mystuff, then upload the file collected-letters: % ftp solitude Connected to fubar.net. 220 fubar.net FTP server (Version wu-2.4(11) Mon Apr 18 17:26:33 MDT 1994) ready. Name (solitude:carlson): jeremy 331 Password required for jeremy. Password: 230 User jeremy logged in. ftp> cd mystuff 250 CWD command successful. ftp> put collected-letters ftp> quit The ftp program sends files in ascii (text) format unless you specify binary mode: ftp> binary ftp> put foo ftp> ascii ftp> get bar The file foo was transferred in binary mode, the file bar was transferred in ascii mode. grep Use this command to search for information in a file or files. For example, suppose that we have a file dict whose contents are red rojo green verde blue azul white blanco black negro Then we can look up items in our file like this; % grep red dict red rojo % grep blanco dict white blanco % grep brown dict % Notice that no output was returned by grep brown. This is because "brown" is not in our dictionary file. Grep can also be combined with other commands. For example, if one had a file of phone numbers named "ph", one entry per line, then the following command would give an alphabetical list of all persons whose name contains the string "Fred". % grep Fred ph | sort Alpha, Fred: 333-6565 Beta, Freddie: 656-0099 Frederickson, Molly: 444-0981 Gamma, Fred-George: 111-7676 Zeta, Frederick: 431-0987 The symbol "|" is called "pipe." It pipes the output of the grep command into the input of the sort command. For more information on grep, consult % man grep head Use this command to look at the head of a file. For example, % head essay.001 displays the first 10 lines of the file essay.001 To see a specific number of lines, do this: % head -20 essay.001 This displays the first 20 lines of the file. ls Use ls to see what files you have. Your files are kept in something called a directory. % ls foo letter2 foobar letter3 letter1 maple-assignment1 % Note that you have six files. There are some useful variants of the ls command: % ls l* letter1 letter2 letter3 % Note what happened: all the files whose name begins with "l" are listed. The asterisk (*) is the " wildcard" character. It matches any string. lpr This is the standard Unix command for printing a file. It stands for the ancient "line printer." See % man lpr for information on how it works. See print for information on our local intelligent print command. mkdir Use this command to create a directory. % mkdir essays To get "into" this directory, do % cd essays To see what files are in essays, do this: % ls There shouldn't be any files there yet, since you just made it. To create files, see cat or emacs. more More is a command used to read text files. For example, we could do this: % more poems The effect of this to let you read the file "poems ". It probably will not fit in one screen, so you need to know how to "turn pages". Here are the basic commands: q --- quit more spacebar --- read next page return key --- read next line b --- go back one page For still more information, use the command man more. mv Use this command to change the name of file and directories. % mv foo foobar The file that was named foo is now named foobar ncftp Use ncftp for anonymous ftp --- that means you don't have to have a password. % ncftp ftp.fubar.net Connected to ftp.fubar.net > get jokes.txt The file jokes.txt is downloaded from the machine ftp.fubar.net. print This is a moderately intelligent print command. % print foo % print notes.ps % print manuscript.dvi In each case print does the right thing, regardless of whether the file is a text file (like foo ), a postcript file (like notes.ps, or a dvi file (like manuscript.dvi. In these examples the file is printed on the default printer. To see what this is, do % print and read the message displayed. To print on a specific printer, do this: % print foo jwb321 % print notes.ps jwb321 % print manuscript.dvi jwb321 To change the default printer, do this: % setenv PRINTER jwb321 pwd Use this command to find out what directory you are working in. % pwd /u/ma/jeremy % cd homework % pwd /u/ma/jeremy/homework % ls assign-1 assign-2 assign-3 % cd % pwd /u/ma/jeremy % Jeremy began by working in his "home" directory. Then he cd 'd into his homework subdirectory. Cd means " change directory". He used pwd to check to make sure he was in the right place, then used ls to see if all his homework files were there. (They were). Then he cd'd back to his home directory. rm Use rm to remove files from your directory. % rm foo remove foo? y % rm letter* remove letter1? y remove letter2? y remove letter3? n % The first command removed a single file. The second command was intended to remove all files beginning with the string "letter." However, our user (Jeremy?) decided not to remove letter3. rmdir Use this command to remove a directory. For example, to remove a directory called "essays", do this: % rmdir essays A directory must be empty before it can be removed. To empty a directory, use rm. rsh Use this command if you want to work on a computer different from the one you are currently working on. One reason to do this is that the remote machine might be faster. For example, the command % rsh solitude connects you to the machine solitude. This is one of our public workstations and is fairly fast. See also: telnet setenv % echo $PRINTER labprinter % setenv PRINTER myprinter % echo $PRINTER myprinter sort Use this commmand to sort a file. For example, suppose we have a file dict with contents red rojo green verde blue azul white blanco black negro Then we can do this: % sort dict black negro blue azul green verde red rojo white blanco Here the output of sort went to the screen. To store the output in file we do this: % sort dict >dict.sorted You can check the contents of the file dict.sorted using cat , more , or emacs . tail Use this command to look at the tail of a file. For example, % head essay.001 displays the last 10 lines of the file essay.001 To see a specific number of lines, do this: % head -20 essay.001 This displays the last 20 lines of the file. tar Use create compressed archives of directories and files, and also to extract directories and files from an archive. Example: % tar -tvzf foo.tar.gz displays the file names in the compressed archive foo.tar.gz while % tar -xvzf foo.tar.gz extracts the files. telnet Use this command to log in to another machine from the machine you are currently working on. For example, to log in to the machine "solitude", do this: % telnet solitude See also: rsh. wc Use this command to count the number of characters, words, and lines in a file. Suppose, for example, that we have a file dict with contents red rojo green verde blue azul white blanco black negro Then we can do this % wc dict 5 10 56 tmp This shows that dict has 5 lines, 10 words, and 56 characters. The word count command has several options, as illustrated below: % wc -l dict 5 tmp % wc -w dict 10 tmp % wc -c dict 56 tmp From http://bach.towson.edu/docs/services/unix/unix_intro.html ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | Vi Survival Guide | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------| |vi filename | How to start up vi. Good luck! | ----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------- |ESC ESC CTRL-L | Panic. Usually fixes things up. | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------| |ESC | Gets you out of insert mode. Does nothing in move around | | | mode. Gets you out of command mode. | ----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------- |CTRL-L | Redisplays the screen | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------| |Arrow keys | Move you around if your terminal is set up right. | ----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------- |k | Up one line (Move mode) | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------| |CR | Down one line (Move mode) | ----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------- |CTRL-H | Left one space (Move mode) | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------| |space | Right one space (Move mode) | ----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------- |$ | Move to the end of the line (Move mode) | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------| |0 | Move to the beginning of the line (Move mode) | ----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------- |10G | Go to line 10 (Move mode) | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------| |0G | Got to the last line in the file (Move mode) | ----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------- |i | Begin inserting just before the character the cursor is on. | | Finish with ESCAPE. (Move mode) | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------| |a | Begin inserting just after the character your cursor is on. | | | Finish with ESCAPE. | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------- |ESCAPE | Terminates insert mode | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------| |dd | Deletes the line your cursor is on | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------- |d SPACE | Deletes the character your cursor is on. | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------| |dw | Deletes the word your cursor is on. | ----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------- |d10d | Deletes 10 lines starting from the line your cursor is on. | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------| |u | Undoes your last edit. | ----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------- |cw | Changes the current word you are on. Terminate with ESCAPE. | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------| |r character | Replaces the character directly under the cursor. | ----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------- |R | Goes into replace mode. Allows you to type over characters. | | | Terminate with ESCAPE. Cursor movements are not allowed. | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------| |:wq CR | Command mode. Write the file and quit. | ----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------- |:w CR | Command mode. Write the file and stay. | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------| |:q CR | Command mode. Quit the file if no changes. | ----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------- |:quit! CR | Command mode. Quit the file and abandon changes. | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------| |ESCAPE | Terminates command mode. Does not execute command. | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- UNIX COMMANDS AND KEYSTROKES The following table contains a list of the important key strokes used in UNIX. ----------------------------------------- | Important key strokes | +----------------------------------------| |CTRL-D | Log off the system | --------+-------------------------------- |CTRL-C | Abort a running process | +----------------------------------------| |CTRL-Z | Stop a running process | ----------------------------------------- The following commands allow you to access on-line documentation and tutorials. ----------------------------------------------- |Commands to get information about the system | +----------------------------------------------| |man ls | Gets you a manual page on the | | | ls command. | --------------+-------------------------------- |man -k batch | Gets you the title lines for | | | every command with batch in | | | the title. | +----------------------------------------------| |learn | Runs a number of tutorials on | | | the file system, editor, and | | | other areas. Does not run on | | | all systems. | ----------------------------------------------- Thenext table lists some common commands to change your personal setup. -------------------------------------------- | Commands to change your personal setup | +-------------------------------------------| |passwd | Change your log in password | -----------+-------------------------------- |vi .login | Command to change your | | | automatic login script. | -------------------------------------------- The following table allows you to look at what is happening on the syste, ------------------------------------------------- | Looking at the system and other users | +------------------------------------------------| |uptime | Shows the time since the | | | system was last rebooted. | | | Also shows the "load average". | | | Load average indicates the | | | number of jobs in the system | | | ready to run. The higher the | | | load average the slower a | | | system will run. | ----------------+-------------------------------- |who | Shows who is logged on to the | | | system. | +------------------------------------------------| |w | Shows who is logged in to the | | | system and what they are | | | doing. | ----------------+-------------------------------- |ps | Shows your processes. | +------------------------------------------------| |ps -aux | Shows all of the processes on | | | the system in a long format | | | with the user name associated | | | with the process sorted from | | | the heaviest user to the | | | lightest user. | ----------------+-------------------------------- |ps -aux | head | Shows the 15 heaviest | | | processes. | +------------------------------------------------| |finger user | Gets information about the | | | user. | ------------------------------------------------- The following table is a summary of the commands which affect the file system and access files. -------------------------------------------------------- | File system Commands | +-------------------------------------------------------| |ls | Shows your files. | -----------------------+-------------------------------- |ls -l | Shows your files in extended | | | format including file | | | size,ownership, and | | | permissions. | +-------------------------------------------------------| |ls -la | Shows all of your files | | | including the system files (. | | | files) in your account. | -----------------------+-------------------------------- |du | Shows the file usage for your | | | current directory. | +-------------------------------------------------------| |cat filename | Shows the contents of a file | | | at your terminal. | -----------------------+-------------------------------- |more filename | Shows the contents of your | | | file at the terminal pausing | | | to allow you to press space to | | | continue. Good for large | | | files. | +-------------------------------------------------------| |head filename | Shows the first few lines of a | | | file. | -----------------------+-------------------------------- |tail filename | Show the last few lines of a | | | file. | +-------------------------------------------------------| |grep pattern filename | Show the lines in the file | | | which contain the specified | | | pattern. | -----------------------+-------------------------------- |wc filename Counts the number of | | | characters words and lines in | | | a file. | +-------------------------------------------------------| |cp file1 file2 | Copies file1 to file2. Any | | | previous contents of file2 are | | | lost. | -----------------------+-------------------------------- |lpr -Pprinter file | Prints the specified file on | | | the specified printer. | +-------------------------------------------------------| |mv file1 file2 | Renames file1 to file2. | -----------------------+-------------------------------- |mv file directory | Moves the specified file into | | | the specified directory | | | keeping the original file | | | name. | +-------------------------------------------------------| |rm filename | Removes a file. | -----------------------+-------------------------------- |chmod perm file | Changes the permissions of a | | | file. See man chmod for | | details. | +-------------------------------------------------------| |pwd | Print Working Directory. | | | Shows you where you are at in | | | the file system. Very useful | | | when you get confused. | -----------------------+-------------------------------- |mkdir directory | Makes a directory in your | | | current directory. | +-------------------------------------------------------| |rmdir directory | Removes a sub-directory from | | | your current directory. | | | Directory must be empty to | | | remove the directory. | -----------------------+-------------------------------- |rm -r directory | Removes all the files, and | | | subdirectories of a directory | | | and then removes the | | | directory. Very convienent, | | | useful and dangerous. | +-------------------------------------------------------| |cd | Move back into your home | | | directory. | -----------------------+-------------------------------- |cd directory | Move into a directory from | | | your current directory. | +-------------------------------------------------------| |cd /tmp | Move into a directory | | | regardless of your current | | | directory. | -------------------------------------------------------- The following commands provide simple access to networking capabilities in UNIX. -------------------------------------------------------------- | Networking commands | +-------------------------------------------------------------| |grep string /etc/hosts | Look up in the hosts file for | | | host names with the specified | | | string in their name. Useful | | | for finding host names which | | | you have forgotten. | -----------------------------+-------------------------------- |ftp host | Files transfer protocol. | | | Allows a limited set of | | | commands. ( dir cd put get ) | | | help gives help. | +-------------------------------------------------------------| |telnet host | Connects to another ethernet | | | connected host. | -----------------------------+-------------------------------- |mail | Allows you to read, delete, | | | and reply to your incoming | | | mail. | +-------------------------------------------------------------| |mail user@host | Mails a message to the | | | specified user. The message | | | is terminated by CTRL-D. | -----------------------------+-------------------------------- |talk user | Allows you to have an on-line | | full screen dialog with | | | another user on the system. | | | Talk may also be able to talk | | | between systems. The form | | | talk user@host is used in | | | these cases. | +-------------------------------------------------------------| |rlogin host | Connects to the specified host | | | and logs you on. Similar to | | | telnet but used where a group | | | of systems are being treated | | | as a single distributed | | | system. | -----------------------------+-------------------------------- |rcp hosta:filea hostb:fileb | Copies the specified filea | | | from hosta to fileb on hostb. | | | Requires special security. | +-------------------------------------------------------------| |rsh host command | Executes the specified command | | | on the remote host sending the | | | command input from the current | | | host. The output is sent back | | | to the current host as the | | | standard output of the rsh | | | command. | -----------------------------+-------------------------------- |rexec host command | Similar to rsh. | +-------------------------------------------------------------| |mount filesystem | Mount a NFS file system at the | | | designated mount point. | | | (System managers only) | +-------------------------------------------------------------| |umount filesystem | Unmount a NFS file system. | | | (System managers only) | --------------------------------------------------------------